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This is a searchable collection of scientific photos, illustrations, and videos. The images and videos in this gallery are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial ShareAlike 3.0. This license lets you remix, tweak, and build upon this work non-commercially, as long as you credit and license your new creations under identical terms.

7018: Bacterial cells aggregating above the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid
7018: Bacterial cells aggregating above the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid
A light organ (~0.5 mm across) of a juvenile Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. Movement of cilia on the surface of the organ aggregates bacterial symbionts (green) into two areas above sets of pores that lead to interior crypts. This image was taken using a confocal fluorescence microscope.
Related to images 7016, 7017, 7019, and 7020.
Related to images 7016, 7017, 7019, and 7020.
Margaret J. McFall-Ngai, Carnegie Institution for Science/California Institute of Technology, and Edward G. Ruby, California Institute of Technology.
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6597: Pathways – Bacteria vs. Viruses: What's the Difference?
6597: Pathways – Bacteria vs. Viruses: What's the Difference?
Learn about how bacteria and viruses differ, how they each can make you sick, and how they can or cannot be treated. Discover more resources from NIGMS’ Pathways collaboration with Scholastic. View the video on YouTube for closed captioning.
National Institute of General Medical Sciences
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2474: Dinosaur evolutionary tree
2474: Dinosaur evolutionary tree
Analysis of 68 million-year-old collagen molecule fragments preserved in a T. rex femur confirmed what paleontologists have said for decades: Dinosaurs are close relatives of chickens, ostriches, and to a lesser extent, alligators. A Harvard University research team, including NIGMS-supported postdoctoral research fellow Chris Organ, used sophisticated statistical and computational tools to compare the ancient protein to ones from 21 living species. Because evolutionary processes produce similarities across species, the methods and results may help illuminate other areas of the evolutionary tree. Featured in the May 21, 2008 Biomedical Beat.
Chris Organ, Harvard University
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5730: Dynamic cryo-EM model of the human transcription preinitiation complex
5730: Dynamic cryo-EM model of the human transcription preinitiation complex
Gene transcription is a process by which information encoded in DNA is transcribed into RNA. It's essential for all life and requires the activity of proteins, called transcription factors, that detect where in a DNA strand transcription should start. In eukaryotes (i.e., those that have a nucleus and mitochondria), a protein complex comprising 14 different proteins is responsible for sniffing out transcription start sites and starting the process. This complex represents the core machinery to which an enzyme, named RNA polymerase, can bind to and read the DNA and transcribe it to RNA. Scientists have used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to visualize the TFIID-RNA polymerase-DNA complex in unprecedented detail. This animation shows the different TFIID components as they contact DNA and recruit the RNA polymerase for gene transcription.
To learn more about the research that has shed new light on gene transcription, see this news release from Berkeley Lab.
Related to image 3766.
To learn more about the research that has shed new light on gene transcription, see this news release from Berkeley Lab.
Related to image 3766.
Eva Nogales, Berkeley Lab
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2347: Cysteine dioxygenase from mouse
2347: Cysteine dioxygenase from mouse
Model of the mammalian iron enzyme cysteine dioxygenase from a mouse.
Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, PSI
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2684: Dicty fruit
2684: Dicty fruit
Dictyostelium discoideum is a microscopic amoeba. A group of 100,000 form a mound as big as a grain of sand. Featured in The New Genetics.
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6991: SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid dimer
6991: SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid dimer
In SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, nucleocapsid is a complex molecule with many functional parts. One section folds into an RNA-binding domain, with a groove that grips a short segment of the viral genomic RNA. Another section folds into a dimerization domain that brings two nucleocapsid molecules together. The rest of the protein is intrinsically disordered, forming tails at each end of the protein chain and a flexible linker that connects the two structured domains. These disordered regions assist with RNA binding and orchestrate association of nucleocapsid dimers into larger assemblies that package the RNA in the small space inside virions. Nucleocapsid is in magenta and purple, and short RNA strands are in yellow.
Find these in the RCSB Protein Data Bank: RNA-binding domain (PDB entry 7ACT) and Dimerization domain (PDB entry 6WJI).
Find these in the RCSB Protein Data Bank: RNA-binding domain (PDB entry 7ACT) and Dimerization domain (PDB entry 6WJI).
Amy Wu and Christine Zardecki, RCSB Protein Data Bank.
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3445: Dividing cell in metaphase
3445: Dividing cell in metaphase
This image of a mammalian epithelial cell, captured in metaphase, was the winning image in the high- and super-resolution microscopy category of the 2012 GE Healthcare Life Sciences Cell Imaging Competition. The image shows microtubules (red), kinetochores (green) and DNA (blue). The DNA is fixed in the process of being moved along the microtubules that form the structure of the spindle.
The image was taken using the DeltaVision OMX imaging system, affectionately known as the "OMG" microscope, and was displayed on the NBC screen in New York's Times Square during the weekend of April 20-21, 2013. It was also part of the Life: Magnified exhibit that ran from June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015, at Dulles International Airport.
The image was taken using the DeltaVision OMX imaging system, affectionately known as the "OMG" microscope, and was displayed on the NBC screen in New York's Times Square during the weekend of April 20-21, 2013. It was also part of the Life: Magnified exhibit that ran from June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015, at Dulles International Airport.
Jane Stout in the laboratory of Claire Walczak, Indiana University, GE Healthcare 2012 Cell Imaging Competition
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3604: Brain showing hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease
3604: Brain showing hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease
Along with blood vessels (red) and nerve cells (green), this mouse brain shows abnormal protein clumps known as plaques (blue). These plaques multiply in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease and are associated with the memory impairment characteristic of the disease. Because mice have genomes nearly identical to our own, they are used to study both the genetic and environmental factors that trigger Alzheimer's disease. Experimental treatments are also tested in mice to identify the best potential therapies for human patients.
This image was part of the Life: Magnified exhibit that ran from June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015, at Dulles International Airport.
This image was part of the Life: Magnified exhibit that ran from June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015, at Dulles International Airport.
Alvin Gogineni, Genentech
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2473: Glowing glycans
2473: Glowing glycans
Sugars light up the cells in this jaw of a 3-day-old zebrafish embryo and highlight a scientific first: labeling and tracking the movements of sugar chains called glycans in a living organism. Here, recently produced glycans (red) are on the cell surface while those made earlier in development (green) have migrated into the cells. In some areas, old and new glycans mingle (yellow). A better understanding of such traffic patterns could shed light on how organisms develop and may uncover markers for disease, such as cancer. Featured in the May 21, 2008 of Biomedical Beat.
Carolyn Bertozzi, University of California, Berkeley
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6800: Magnetic Janus particle activating a T cell
6800: Magnetic Janus particle activating a T cell
A Janus particle being used to activate a T cell, a type of immune cell. A Janus particle is a specialized microparticle with different physical properties on its surface, and this one is coated with nickel on one hemisphere and anti-CD3 antibodies (light blue) on the other. The nickel enables the Janus particle to be moved using a magnet, and the antibodies bind to the T cell and activate it. The T cell in this video was loaded with calcium-sensitive dye to visualize calcium influx, which indicates activation. The intensity of calcium influx was color coded so that warmer color indicates higher intensity. Being able to control Janus particles with simple magnets is a step toward controlling individual cells’ activities without complex magnetic devices.
More details can be found in the Angewandte Chemie paper “Remote control of T cell activation using magnetic Janus particles” by Lee et al. This video was captured using epi-fluorescence microscopy.
Related to video 6801.
More details can be found in the Angewandte Chemie paper “Remote control of T cell activation using magnetic Janus particles” by Lee et al. This video was captured using epi-fluorescence microscopy.
Related to video 6801.
Yan Yu, Indiana University, Bloomington.
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6982: Insulin production and fat sensing in fruit flies
6982: Insulin production and fat sensing in fruit flies
Fourteen neurons (magenta) in the adult Drosophila brain produce insulin, and fat tissue sends packets of lipids to the brain via the lipoprotein carriers (green). This image was captured using a confocal microscope and shows a maximum intensity projection of many slices.
Related to images 6983, 6984, and 6985.
Related to images 6983, 6984, and 6985.
Akhila Rajan, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
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2781: Disease-resistant Arabidopsis leaf
2781: Disease-resistant Arabidopsis leaf
This is a magnified view of an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf a few days after being exposed to the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The plant from which this leaf was taken is genetically resistant to the pathogen. The spots in blue show areas of localized cell death where infection occurred, but it did not spread. Compare this response to that shown in Image 2782. Jeff Dangl has been funded by NIGMS to study the interactions between pathogens and hosts that allow or suppress infection.
Jeff Dangl, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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3332: Polarized cells- 01
3332: Polarized cells- 01
Cells move forward with lamellipodia and filopodia supported by networks and bundles of actin filaments. Proper, controlled cell movement is a complex process. Recent research has shown that an actin-polymerizing factor called the Arp2/3 complex is the key component of the actin polymerization engine that drives amoeboid cell motility. ARPC3, a component of the Arp2/3 complex, plays a critical role in actin nucleation. In this photo, the ARPC3+/+ fibroblast cells were fixed and stained with Alexa 546 phalloidin for F-actin (red) and DAPI to visualize the nucleus (blue). ARPC3+/+ fibroblast cells with lamellipodia leading edge. Related to images 3328, 3329, 3330, 3331, and 3333.
Rong Li and Praveen Suraneni, Stowers Institute for Medical Research
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5811: NCMIR Tongue 2
5811: NCMIR Tongue 2
Microscopy image of a tongue. One in a series of two, see image 5810
National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR)
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3375: Electrostatic map of the adeno-associated virus with scale
3375: Electrostatic map of the adeno-associated virus with scale
The new highly efficient parallelized DelPhi software was used to calculate the potential map distribution of an entire virus, the adeno-associated virus, which is made up of more than 484,000 atoms. Despite the relatively large dimension of this biological system, resulting in 815x815x815 mesh points, the parallelized DelPhi, utilizing 100 CPUs, completed the calculations within less than three minutes. Related to image 3374.
Emil Alexov, Clemson University
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3424: White Poppy
3424: White Poppy
A white poppy. View cropped image of a poppy here 3423.
Judy Coyle, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center
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3499: Growing hair follicle stem cells
3499: Growing hair follicle stem cells
Wound healing requires the action of stem cells. In mice that lack the Sept2/ARTS gene, stem cells involved in wound healing live longer and wounds heal faster and more thoroughly than in normal mice. This confocal microscopy image from a mouse lacking the Sept2/ARTS gene shows a tail wound in the process of healing. Cell nuclei are in blue. Red and orange mark hair follicle stem cells (hair follicle stem cells activate to cause hair regrowth, which indicates healing). See more information in the article in Science.
Hermann Steller, Rockefeller University
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3597: DNA replication origin recognition complex (ORC)
3597: DNA replication origin recognition complex (ORC)
A study published in March 2012 used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the DNA replication origin recognition complex (ORC), a semi-circular, protein complex (yellow) that recognizes and binds DNA to start the replication process. The ORC appears to wrap around and bend approximately 70 base pairs of double stranded DNA (red and blue). Also shown is the protein Cdc6 (green), which is also involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Related to video 3307 that shows the structure from different angles. From a Brookhaven National Laboratory news release, "Study Reveals How Protein Machinery Binds and Wraps DNA to Start Replication."
Huilin Li, Brookhaven National Laboratory
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2425: Influenza virus attaches to host membrane
2425: Influenza virus attaches to host membrane
Influenza A infects a host cell when hemagglutinin grips onto glycans on its surface. Neuraminidase, an enzyme that chews sugars, helps newly made virus particles detach so they can infect other cells. Related to 213. Featured in the March 2006, issue of Findings in "Viral Voyages."
Crabtree + Company
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2490: Cascade reaction promoted by water
2490: Cascade reaction promoted by water
This illustration of an epoxide-opening cascade promoted by water emulates the proposed biosynthesis of some of the Red Tide toxins.
Tim Jamison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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3542: Structure of amyloid-forming prion protein
3542: Structure of amyloid-forming prion protein
This structure from an amyloid-forming prion protein shows one way beta sheets can stack. Image originally appeared in a December 2012 PLOS Biology paper.
Douglas Fowler, University of Washington
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3296: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in mouse ES cells shows DNA interactions
3296: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in mouse ES cells shows DNA interactions
Researchers used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to confirm the presence of long range DNA-DNA interactions in mouse embryonic stem cells. Here, two loci labeled in green (Oct4) and red that are 13 Mb apart on linear DNA are frequently found to be in close proximity. DNA-DNA colocalizations like this are thought to both reflect and contribute to cell type specific gene expression programs.
Kathrin Plath, University of California, Los Angeles
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2779: Mature, flowering Arabidopsis
2779: Mature, flowering Arabidopsis
This is an adult flowering Arabidopsis thaliana plant with the inbred designation L-er. Arabidopsis is the most widely used model organism for researchers who study plant genetics.
Jeff Dangl, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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6969: Snowflake yeast 1
6969: Snowflake yeast 1
Multicellular yeast called snowflake yeast that researchers created through many generations of directed evolution from unicellular yeast. Stained cell membranes (green) and cell walls (red) reveal the connections between cells. Younger cells take up more cell membrane stain, while older cells take up more cell wall stain, leading to the color differences seen here. This image was captured using spinning disk confocal microscopy.
Related to images 6970 and 6971.
Related to images 6970 and 6971.
William Ratcliff, Georgia Institute of Technology.
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6756: Honeybees marked with paint
6756: Honeybees marked with paint
Researchers doing behavioral experiments with honeybees sometimes use paint or enamel to give individual bees distinguishing marks. The elaborate social structure and impressive learning and navigation abilities of bees make them good models for behavioral and neurobiological research. Since the sequencing of the honeybee genome, published in 2006, bees have been used increasingly for research into the molecular basis for social interaction and other complex behaviors.
Gene Robinson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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1083: Natcher Building 03
1083: Natcher Building 03
NIGMS staff are located in the Natcher Building on the NIH campus.
Alisa Machalek, National Institute of General Medical Sciences
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6985: Fruit fly brain responds to adipokines
6985: Fruit fly brain responds to adipokines
Drosophila adult brain showing that an adipokine (fat hormone) generates a response from neurons (aqua) and regulates insulin-producing neurons (red).
Related to images 6982, 6983, and 6984.
Related to images 6982, 6983, and 6984.
Akhila Rajan, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
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2792: Anti-tumor drug ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743) with hydrogens 03
2792: Anti-tumor drug ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743) with hydrogens 03
Ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743, brand name Yondelis), was discovered and isolated from a sea squirt, Ecteinascidia turbinata, by NIGMS grantee Kenneth Rinehart at the University of Illinois. It was synthesized by NIGMS grantees E.J. Corey and later by Samuel Danishefsky. Multiple versions of this structure are available as entries 2790-2797.
Timothy Jamison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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2530: Aspirin (with labels)
2530: Aspirin (with labels)
Acetylsalicylate (bottom) is the aspirin of today. Adding a chemical tag called an acetyl group (shaded box, bottom) to a molecule derived from willow bark (salicylate, top) makes the molecule less acidic (and easier on the lining of the digestive tract), but still effective at relieving pain. See image 2529 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in Medicines By Design.
Crabtree + Company
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1278: Golgi theories
1278: Golgi theories
Two models for how material passes through the Golgi apparatus: the vesicular shuttle model and the cisternae maturation model.
Judith Stoffer
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3481: Bacillus anthracis being killed
3481: Bacillus anthracis being killed
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) cells being killed by a fluorescent trans-translation inhibitor, which disrupts bacterial protein synthesis. The inhibitor is naturally fluorescent and looks blue when it is excited by ultraviolet light in the microscope. This is a black-and-white version of Image 3525.
John Alumasa, Keiler Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University
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1021: Lily mitosis 08
1021: Lily mitosis 08
A light microscope image of a cell from the endosperm of an African globe lily (Scadoxus katherinae). This is one frame of a time-lapse sequence that shows cell division in action. The lily is considered a good organism for studying cell division because its chromosomes are much thicker and easier to see than human ones. Staining shows microtubules in red and chromosomes in blue. Here, condensed chromosomes are clearly visible and lined up.
Related to images 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, and 1019.
Related to images 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, and 1019.
Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene
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2410: DNase
2410: DNase
Crystals of DNase protein created for X-ray crystallography, which can reveal detailed, three-dimensional protein structures.
Alex McPherson, University of California, Irvine
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2330: Repairing DNA
2330: Repairing DNA
Like a watch wrapped around a wrist, a special enzyme encircles the double helix to repair a broken strand of DNA. Without molecules that can mend such breaks, cells can malfunction, die, or become cancerous. Related to image 3493.
Tom Ellenberger, Washington University School of Medicine
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6547: Cell Nucleus and Lipid Droplets
6547: Cell Nucleus and Lipid Droplets
A cell nucleus (blue) surrounded by lipid droplets (yellow). Exogenously expressed, S-tagged UBXD8 (green) recruits endogenous p97/VCP (red) to the surface of lipid droplets in oleate-treated HeLa cells. Nucleus stained with DAPI.
James Olzmann, University of California, Berkeley
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2551: Introns (with labels)
2551: Introns (with labels)
Genes are often interrupted by stretches of DNA (introns, blue) that do not contain instructions for making a protein. The DNA segments that do contain protein-making instructions are known as exons (green). See image 2550 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in The New Genetics.
Crabtree + Company
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7013: An adult Hawaiian bobtail squid
7013: An adult Hawaiian bobtail squid
An adult female Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, with its mantle cavity exposed from the underside. Some internal organs are visible, including the two lobes of the light organ that contains bioluminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri. The light organ includes accessory tissues like an ink sac (black) that serves as a shutter, and a silvery reflector that directs the light out of the underside of the animal.
Margaret J. McFall-Ngai, Carnegie Institution for Science/California Institute of Technology, and Edward G. Ruby, California Institute of Technology.
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6754: Fruit fly nurse cells transporting their contents during egg development
6754: Fruit fly nurse cells transporting their contents during egg development
In many animals, the egg cell develops alongside sister cells. These sister cells are called nurse cells in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and their job is to “nurse” an immature egg cell, or oocyte. Toward the end of oocyte development, the nurse cells transfer all their contents into the oocyte in a process called nurse cell dumping. This video captures this transfer, showing significant shape changes on the part of the nurse cells (blue), which are powered by wavelike activity of the protein myosin (red). Researchers created the video using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Related to image 6753.
Adam C. Martin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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3641: A mammalian eye has approximately 70 different cell types
3641: A mammalian eye has approximately 70 different cell types
The incredible complexity of a mammalian eye (in this case from a mouse) is captured here. Each color represents a different type of cell. In total, there are nearly 70 different cell types, including the retina's many rings and the peach-colored muscle cells clustered on the left.
This image was part of the Life: Magnified exhibit that ran from June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015, at Dulles International Airport.
This image was part of the Life: Magnified exhibit that ran from June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015, at Dulles International Airport.
Bryan William Jones and Robert E. Marc, University of Utah
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2312: Color-coded chromosomes
2312: Color-coded chromosomes
By mixing fluorescent dyes like an artist mixes paints, scientists are able to color code individual chromosomes. The technique, abbreviated multicolor-FISH, allows researchers to visualize genetic abnormalities often linked to disease. In this image, "painted" chromosomes from a person with a hereditary disease called Werner Syndrome show where a piece of one chromosome has fused to another (see the gold-tipped maroon chromosome in the center). As reported by molecular biologist Jan Karlseder of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, such damage is typical among people with this rare syndrome.
Anna Jauch, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
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2505: Influenza virus attaches to host membrane (with labels)
2505: Influenza virus attaches to host membrane (with labels)
Influenza A infects a host cell when hemagglutinin grips onto glycans on its surface. Neuraminidase, an enzyme that chews sugars, helps newly made virus particles detach so they can infect other cells. Related to 213.
Crabtree + Company
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2547: Central dogma, illustrated
2547: Central dogma, illustrated
DNA encodes RNA, which encodes protein. DNA is transcribed to make messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA sequence (dark red strand) is complementary to the DNA sequence (blue strand). On ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) reads three nucleotides at a time in mRNA to bring together the amino acids that link up to make a protein. See image 2548 for a labeled version of this illustration and 2549 for a labeled and numbered version. Featured in The New Genetics.
Crabtree + Company
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1329: Mitosis - metaphase
1329: Mitosis - metaphase
A cell in metaphase during mitosis: The copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle. Mitosis is responsible for growth and development, as well as for replacing injured or worn out cells throughout the body. For simplicity, mitosis is illustrated here with only six chromosomes.
Judith Stoffer
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5768: Multivesicular bodies containing intralumenal vesicles assemble at the vacuole 2
5768: Multivesicular bodies containing intralumenal vesicles assemble at the vacuole 2
Collecting and transporting cellular waste and sorting it into recylable and nonrecylable pieces is a complex business in the cell. One key player in that process is the endosome, which helps collect, sort and transport worn-out or leftover proteins with the help of a protein assembly called the endosomal sorting complexes for transport (or ESCRT for short). These complexes help package proteins marked for breakdown into intralumenal vesicles, which, in turn, are enclosed in multivesicular bodies for transport to the places where the proteins are recycled or dumped. In this image, a multivesicular body (the round structure slightly to the right of center) contain tiny intralumenal vesicles (with a diameter of only 25 nanometers; the round specks inside the larger round structure) adjacent to the cell's vacuole (below the multivesicular body, shown in darker and more uniform gray).
Scientists working with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) study the budding inward of the limiting membrane (green lines on top of the yellow lines) into the intralumenal vesicles. This tomogram was shot with a Tecnai F-20 high-energy electron microscope, at 29,000x magnification, with a 0.7-nm pixel, ~4-nm resolution.
To learn more about endosomes, see the Biomedical Beat blog post The Cell’s Mailroom. Related to a color-enhanced version 5767 and image 5769.
Scientists working with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) study the budding inward of the limiting membrane (green lines on top of the yellow lines) into the intralumenal vesicles. This tomogram was shot with a Tecnai F-20 high-energy electron microscope, at 29,000x magnification, with a 0.7-nm pixel, ~4-nm resolution.
To learn more about endosomes, see the Biomedical Beat blog post The Cell’s Mailroom. Related to a color-enhanced version 5767 and image 5769.
Matthew West and Greg Odorizzi, University of Colorado
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2400: Pig trypsin (1)
2400: Pig trypsin (1)
A crystal of porcine trypsin protein created for X-ray crystallography, which can reveal detailed, three-dimensional protein structures.
Alex McPherson, University of California, Irvine
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6389: Red and white blood cells in the lung

2520: Bond types (with labels)
2520: Bond types (with labels)
Ionic and covalent bonds hold molecules, like sodium chloride and chlorine gas, together. Hydrogen bonds among molecules, notably involving water, also play an important role in biology. See image 2519 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in The Chemistry of Health.
Crabtree + Company
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2407: Jack bean concanavalin A
2407: Jack bean concanavalin A
Crystals of jack bean concanavalin A protein created for X-ray crystallography, which can reveal detailed, three-dimensional protein structures.
Alex McPherson, University of California, Irvine
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1310: Cell cycle wheel
1310: Cell cycle wheel
A typical animal cell cycle lasts roughly 24 hours, but depending on the type of cell, it can vary in length from less than 8 hours to more than a year. Most of the variability occurs in Gap1. Appears in the NIGMS booklet Inside the Cell.
Judith Stoffer
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